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Il Miur dà parere negativo alla creazione del Consiglio europeo delle ricerche (Cer). Sulla base dell’errata convinzione che gli sforzi finanziari pubblici dovrebbero essere preceduti dall’individuazione dei benefici socioeconomici della ricerca, diretti a rafforzare i legami tra università e imprese, piuttosto che a finanziare la ricerca fondamentale, nelle quale l’Europa già eccelle. Il Cer rappresenta invece un’ottima occasione per l’Italia. I ricercatori italiani potrebbero infatti ottenere un ammontare di fondi superiore a quelli, molto scarsi, investiti dal Governo.
Nonostante sia ormai un luogo comune lamentare la disastrosa situazione della ricerca scientifica e tecnologica italiana e i ritardi di quella europea, il nostro ministero dellIstruzione delluniversità e della ricerca (Miur) è stato finora uno dei pochi dellUnione a dare parere negativo alla costituzione di un Consiglio europeo delle ricerche (Cer).
Una posizione miope
Il Cer dovrebbe essere unagenzia composta esclusivamente da scienziati scelti sulla base del loro valore e delle loro competenze e dovrebbe finanziere la ricerca sul modello della National Science Foundation americana. Le scelte del Consiglio, quindi, a differenza di quello che succede nellambito degli attuali programmi quadro, sarebbero svincolate sia da improbabili criteri di priorità stabiliti dalla burocrazia di Bruxelles, sia da priorità legate alle nazionalità dei laboratori e delle università beneficiarie dei finanziamenti.
La posizione del nostro Governo è doppiamente miope.
Il primo punto che vorremmo evidenziare è strettamente utilitaristico. LItalia, da un lato, è uno dei paesi dellUnione che destina meno risorse pubbliche alla ricerca in relazione al suo Pil (0,51%, secondo i dati Oecd 2004). Dallaltro, dispone di ricercatori con livelli produttività scientifica più che accettabili rispetto agli altri paesi europei (Tabella 1, colonna 3 e 4). I ricercatori italiani, quindi, hanno il potenziale per ottenere da unistituzione che selezioni sulla base del merito scientifico un ammontare di fondi superiore a quelli investiti dal nostro Governo. Ancora una volta lEuropa potrebbe rappresentare per noi unoccasione.
|
Intensità di spesa in R&S finanziata dallo Stato |
Quota delle spese in R&D universitarie finanziate dalle imprese |
Pubblicazioni per Ricercatore Universitario |
Pubblicazioni più citate (top 1%) per ricercatore |
|
|
Italia |
0.51 |
3.8 |
5.8 |
0.06 |
|
Regno Unito |
0.59 |
6.7 |
7.0 |
0.10 |
|
Francia |
0.95 |
3.2 |
4.1 |
0.05 |
|
Germania |
0.83 |
9.2 |
4.8 |
0.06 |
|
UE-15 |
0.69 |
6.1 |
4.6 |
0.04 |
|
Stati Uniti |
0.85 |
5.7 |
6.8 |
0.13 |
Fonti: Oecd Principali indicatori della Scienza e Tecnologia, King (2004) “The Scientific impact of Nations” Nature 430, 311-316. Simili elaborazioni sono state condotte da Gagliarducci, S., A. Ichino, G. Peri e R. Perotti (2005) “Lo splendido isolamento delluniversità italiana”. Mimeo.
Le argomentazioni offerte dal
Miur appaiono poi basate su una errata comprensione sia dei legami fra ricerca scientifica, innovazione tecnologica e crescita economica, sia delle relative cause del declino italiano e delle debolezze delleconomia europea. Lerrore, in realtà presente anche in alcuni documenti della Commissione europea, consiste nellassumere, spesso implicitamente lesistenza di un presunto “paradosso europeo”: i paesi del vecchio continente sarebbero allavanguardia per quel che riguarda la ricerca scientifica, ma soffrirebbero gravi ritardi nel tradurre le scoperte scientifiche in innovazioni tecnologiche in grado di migliorare la competitività delle imprese e quindi stimolare la crescita economica. Limplicazione normativa di questa ipotesi è che gli sforzi finanziari pubblici dovrebbero essere preceduti dallindividuazione dei benefici socioeconomici della ricerca, diretti a rafforzare i legami tra università e imprese, piuttosto che a finanziare la ricerca fondamentale, settore nel quale già eccelliamo. Coerentemente con questa linea, la principale obiezione italiana alla costituzione del Consiglio europeo della ricerca è che non crea “valore aggiunto” per la competitività europea. Secondo il Miur, infatti, solo la ricerca di base “mission oriented” (quasi un ossimoro) può essere di competenza comunitaria.
Gli errori nella diagnosi e nella cura
Sia la diagnosi che la cura sono sbagliate. Per prima cosa le evidenze del “paradosso europeo” sono molto deboli per almeno due ragioni. Primo, leccellenza della nostra ricerca scientifica si basa purtroppo su una lettura superficiale dei dati che riguardano le pubblicazioni scientifiche. Unanalisi più attenta dimostra che con poche eccezioni (ingegneria, fisica e matematica), il livello della ricerca Usa è notevolmente più alto (Tabella 1, colonne 3 e 4). Secondo, non è dimostrato che il punto di forza degli Stati Uniti siano le più strette relazioni fra università e industria. Per esempio la quota della spesa in ricerca e sviluppo condotta dalle università e finanziata dalle imprese, bassa dovunque, è più alta nei paesi dellUnione Europea (Tabella 1, colonna 3). Le cause della superiorità degli Stati Uniti sono da ricercare altrove e tra queste cè sicuramente lesistenza di istituzioni (universitarie e non) che generano ricerca fondamentale ad alto livello.
In secondo luogo, gran parte delle innovazioni tecnologiche alla base della cosiddetta economia della conoscenza, spesso con ritardi temporali, derivano direttamente da progressi della ricerca di base. È stata per esempio la fisica dei semiconduttori a permettere gli sviluppi dellelettronica e, senza i progressi della teoria della computazione, non avremmo mai saputo come far funzionare i calcolatori. Di conseguenza, è sbagliato illudersi che Bruxelles sia in grado di creare “valore aggiunto” individuando priorità socioeconomiche e di conseguenza decidere quali progetti finanziare. Lunico compito indispensabile del potere politico è quello di individuare sei o sette campi scientifici molto ampi per poi lasciare le decisioni ai singoli componenti del Cer: ricercatori individuali che, preferibilmente, non andrebbero scelti sulla base della loro nazionalità e dovrebbero rispondere alla Commissione solo per la qualità della ricerca da loro finanziata.
Per fortuna, una decisione finale sul Cer deve essere ancora presa e sembra che Francia, Germania e Gran Bretagna siano decise ad andare avanti con il progetto. Cè da sperare che la posizione e le argomentazioni del governo italiano non mutino la sostanza del progetto originario, creando un nuovo apparato controllato dalla burocrazia di Bruxelles. Sarebbe unoccasione persa sia per lItalia che per lEuropa.
Per saperne di più
Sulle relazioni fra scienza, tecnologia e industria in Europa:
Dosi, G., P. Llerena e M. Sylos Labini (2005). “
Science-Technology-Industry Links and the “European Paradox”:
Some Notes on the Dynamics of Scientific and Technological Research in Europe” LEM Working paper 2005/02.
Sulla produttività scientifica internazionale:
King, D. (2004). “The Scientific impact of Nations.” Nature 430, 311-316.
Sul dibattito circa il Consiglio europeo delle ricerche:
May, R.M. (2004). “Raising Europes Game.” Nature, 430, 831-832.
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Mauro Sylos Labini è professore presso l'Università di Pisa. Si è laureato in Discipline Economiche e Sociali all'Università Bocconi e ha ottenuto un dottorato di ricerca in Economia e Management presso la Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna. E’ stato visiting researcher all'universitá di Stanford, visiting professor dell’Università di Alicante e assistant professor all’IMT di Lucca. Ha inoltre lavorato come research analyst al Centro Studi Confindustria. La sua attivitá di ricerca si concentra nelle aree dell'economia del lavoro e dell'economia del cambiamento tecnologico.
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