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Scuole autonome ispirate ad approcci pedagogici diversi da quelli ministeriali possono migliorare i risultati degli studenti. Ma l’adozione dei modelli alternativi deve essere monitorata da una valutazione sul raggiungimento degli standard fissati.
Possibilità di scelta fra scuole diverse
Negli ultimi decenni, alcuni paesi – per esempio, gli Stati Uniti, il Cile, la Svezia e l’Inghilterra – hanno cercato di migliorare gli standard scolastici introducendo riforme orientate al mercato. Le riforme incoraggiano l’ingresso nel sistema scolastico pubblico di nuovi fornitori privati di servizi scolastici, finanziati pubblicamente. I sostenitori di questo approccio ritengono che l’introduzione di elementi di differenziazione dell’offerta possa stimolare le famiglie a scegliere la scuola più adatta a soddisfare le esigenze formative dei loro figli. Il processo dovrebbe favorire la competizione fra scuole e l’innovazione didattica, con effetti positivi sull’apprendimento degli studenti. Finora, in Italia, la differenziazione è stata legata alla tipologia di istituto (liceo, istituto tecnico, istituto professionale) e di indirizzo più che agli approcci educativi, anche se ad esempio nella scuola pubblica è stata recentemente introdotta qualche classe sperimentale ispirata al metodo Montessori.
Ma le nuove scuole riescono a dare una buona istruzione ai loro studenti? In una recente ricerca, offriamo nuove evidenze attraverso la stima dell’efficacia educativa di due note Free School inglesi.
Cosa sono le Free School
Le Free School sono state introdotte in Inghilterra nel 2011, sono finanziate dallo stato ma gestite da operatori privati e non richiedono quindi il pagamento di tasse scolastiche. Sono state fondate da una molteplicità di soggetti, tra cui insegnanti, genitori e associazioni benefiche. A differenza delle scuole statali tradizionali, le Free School operano con una notevole autonomia: hanno maggior controllo sulla gestione del personale (come assunzioni e licenziamenti, salari, orari di lavoro), sull’orario e il calendario scolastico, gli approcci pedagogici e altri aspetti. Se inizialmente rappresentava una “rivoluzione” su piccola scala, guidata da genitori e insegnanti – percepiti dai media inglesi come “pionieri” e “innovatori dirompenti” – il programma è cresciuto abbastanza rapidamente. Da sole 24 scuole nel 2011, il settore ne comprendeva circa 600 nel 2021, con una maggiore incidenza nell’area di Londra.
Le due scuole incluse nella nostra ricerca sono caratterizzate da alcuni elementi particolarmente distintivi. La prima, Dixons Trinity Academy, è situata in una cittadina di medie dimensioni nel West Yorkshire – un’area svantaggiata dell’Inghilterra centrale – e segue un modello pedagogico definito “no excuses”, basato sulla volontà di insegnare agli studenti a confrontarsi con alte aspettative, da raggiungere con auto-disciplina e seguendo routine codificate. La filosofia educativa della scuola – ispirata in parte da viaggi di ricerca nelle Charter School degli Stati Uniti – enfatizza il duro lavoro e l’importanza di impegnarsi a lungo termine nell’apprendimento.
La seconda scuola, West London Free School, è invece situata in un quartiere londinese relativamente benestante e adotta un approccio definito “classic liberal”. Mette l’accento su un curriculum approfondito, la competizione tra gli studenti e un metodo educativo basato su lezioni frontali e sul dialogo tra singolo studente e insegnante. Il curriculum ricorda quello di un liceo classico italiano, con priorità alle materie di base (letteratura, matematica, scienze), un programma di latino obbligatorio, un focus sui classici in arte e letteratura e sull’impegno nel dibattito e nell’oratoria.
Nella nostra ricerca analizziamo microdati sulle domande di ammissione per due coorti di studenti di ciascuna delle due Free School – le uniche due per cui siamo riusciti a ottenere questi dati. I dati sulle domande di ammissione sono incrociati con informazioni a livello scolastico, dati demografici degli studenti e punteggi ai test standardizzati nazionali contenuti nel National Pupil Database. Inoltre, abbiamo raccolto e codificato dati sugli approcci pedagogici delle due Free School e delle scuole frequentate dagli studenti che non vi sono stati ammessi. Queste informazioni sono ottenute dalle dichiarazioni di “vision & ethos” che le scuole pubblicano sulle loro pagine web e da interviste semi-strutturate con i presidi.
Ma come possiamo sapere se le eventuali differenze nelle prestazioni che riscontriamo tra gli studenti ammessi e non ammessi alle Free School sono da attribuire alle scuole e non ad altri fattori? Il nostro disegno di ricerca sfrutta utili caratteristiche dei criteri di ammissione utilizzati dalle due Free School. Nel caso ci siano più candidati che posti disponibili, entrambe ricorrono a diversi tipi di lotterie per determinare chi viene ammesso e chi no. Ciò significa che siamo in grado di confrontare studenti con caratteristiche identiche, in media, tranne il fatto che alcuni hanno vinto la lotteria mentre altri no. Siamo quindi in grado di effettuare un confronto tra pari.
I risultati della ricerca
I risultati mostrano che entrambe le scuole hanno un impatto positivo e quantitativamente rilevante sui punteggi dei test standardizzati che tutti gli studenti inglesi sostengono alla fine della scuola secondaria: frequentarle per tutti e cinque gli anni della scuola secondaria – anziché iscriversi in altre scuole locali – si traduce in circa due anni di apprendimento aggiuntivo. Entrambe le scuole, poi, riducono le assenze e la probabilità che gli studenti cambino istituto durante l’istruzione secondaria.
Tuttavia, dai nostri risultati le scuole hanno effetti diversi a seconda delle caratteristiche degli studenti. La scuola “no excuses” sembra essere particolarmente efficace per i maschi e per gli studenti con competenze in ingresso più basse, mentre sono gli studenti nativi, con alto background socioeconomico e alte competenze in ingresso a beneficiare maggiormente della scuola “classic liberal”.
Come si spiegano questi effetti? Per approfondirlo, abbiamo confrontato le caratteristiche chiave delle due Free School con quelle delle scuole frequentate dagli studenti non ammessi. Risulta che le caratteristiche dei compagni di scuola, la composizione del corpo docente (incluso il preside) e il suo turnover, le valutazioni ottenute dalle Free School da parte di Ofsted, l’ispettorato scolastico inglese, sono simili a quelle delle altre scuole, e quindi non spiegano completamente gli effetti positivi delle Free School. Invece, sfruttando strumenti di analisi testuale per codificare le pratiche educative descritte nelle dichiarazioni di “vision & ethos” delle scuole, abbiamo scoperto che le filosofie “no excuses” e “classic liberal” distinguono significativamente le due Free School dalle altre scuole frequentate dagli studenti non ammessi. È quindi molto probabile che siano le due filosofie a spiegare i loro effetti differenziali.
Nel complesso, il nostro studio suggerisce che scuole autonome ispirate ad approcci pedagogici diversi possono migliorare i risultati degli studenti. Tuttavia, l’eterogeneità negli effetti tra i diversi tipi di studenti sottolinea anche l’importanza di attuare politiche, come interventi informativi, che aiutino i genitori e gli studenti a trovare scuole che soddisfino le loro esigenze specifiche.
Anche se sono necessarie ulteriori ricerche per valutare se le nostre conclusioni possano essere generalizzate ad altri approcci educativi e ad altre scuole, le evidenze presentate sottolineano il potenziale dell’introdurre maggiore autonomia scolastica e differenziazione nell’istruzione pubblica, lasciando allo stato non il compito di fornire i servizi, ma di finanziare equamente i provider dell’istruzione pubblica, di definire standard educativi e di vigilare sul loro raggiungimento. In altre parole, il modello da noi descritto prevede necessariamente un certo grado di progettazione e sperimentazione didattica. Tuttavia, affinché ciò non vada a scapito dell’apprendimento, la realizzazione di modelli alternativi deve procedere di pari passo con una valutazione terza del raggiungimento degli standard fissati.
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Professore associato di politica economica all'Università di Padova. Nella sua ricerca si occupa di economia del lavoro, della salute e dell'istruzione.
Gabriel Heller-Sahlgren è un ricercatore presso l'Istituto di Ricerca sull'Economia Industriale a Stoccolma, in Svezia. La sua ricerca si concentra sull'economia delle politiche sociali. Gabriel partecipa frequentemente sui media a dibattiti collegati alle tematiche legate della politica dell'istruzione. Gabriel ha conseguito un Dottorato in Politiche Sociali presso la London School of Economics.
Olmo Silva è Professore di Economia e Finanza Dei Mercati Immobiliari presso il Dipartimento di Geografia e Ambiente della London School of Economics (LSE). È anche un Ricercatore Associato presso il Centre for Economic Performance (CEP) della LSE, dove ha lavorato come Ricercatore a tempo pieno tra settembre 2004 e agosto 2007. La sua ricerca si concentra sull'economia dell'istruzione; l'economia dell'imprenditoria; l'economia urbana e dei mercati immobiliari. Olmo ha conseguito la Laurea e la il Master in Economia presso l'Università Bocconi di Milano e ha ottenuto il Dottorato in Economia presso l'Istituto Universitario Europeo di Firenze. Ha trascorso un period in visita presso la University College London come Borsista Marie Curie e presso l'Università di Harvard come Visiting Scholar.
Savino
L’importante è stuzzicare la curiosità, non il voto e non l’aspetto aziendalistico, perchè l’educazione e la cultura devono servire allo spirito del cittadino e del lavoratore o professionista, non il modello scuola-azienda.
Gabriele Ruiu
Mi chiedo però se la competizione tra free school e quelle tradizionali sia fair. Chi non ha l’ obbligo di portare avanti programmi ministeriali può dedicare tempo anche ad addestrare gli studenti ai test standardizzati, la scuola tradizionale non può permetterselo, almeno se si vuole portare a termine il programma.
MIRCO FRANCESCHI
Vedo affermazioni importanti e “sicure” (due anni di apprendimento in più).
Ma i dati?